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Typical normal hovering kinematics has been employed while allowing both translational and rotational durations to be equally represented. The wing planform geometry is represented using a beta-function distribution for an aspect ratio range of 3–6 and a dimensionless radial centroid location range of 0.4–0.6. In this paper, the effects of stroke amplitude and wing planform on the aerodynamics of hovering flapping wings are considered by numerically solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Instead, this result supports a recent perspective that LEVs forming on insect wings mainly provide a means for flow reattachment at high angles of attack, hence enhancing lift production through prevention of stall. On average, the lift force when excluding the LEV contribution was found to be only 4% lower than the force required to balance the weight of these eight insects, suggesting that the LEV may not be primarily contributing to lift production through providing additional circulatory lift. The model was used to assess the lift production of eight different insect species.
Insect wings 3d model free free#
For this purpose, we employed a low-order quasi-steady theoretical model based on the well-known Joukowski transformation simulation of a flat plate with a free vortex, and extended it to take into account other essential aerodynamic features of insect-like wings including downwash flow and non-linearity of the lift curve at high angles of attack. Whilst there have been many experimental and numerical studies to investigate the LEV aerodynamics within insect flight, there remains a need to develop simple theoretical models to improve our understanding of the underlying physics of this high-lift mechanism. View Video Presentation: A leading-edge vortex (LEV) is known to form on the upper surface of flapping/revolving wings leading to noticeably higher lift coefficient values.